Covid-19, Economic Growth and South African Fiscal Policy

Following years of fast-rising debt levels, we show that the Covid-19 crisis worsened an already deteriorating fiscal position in South Africa. To restore fiscal sustainability in the aftermath of the crisis some commentators argue that higher government expenditure will grow GDP sufficiently to stabilise the debt/GDP ratio. We reject this, showing that although a real increase in expenditure stimulates economic growth (a short-run, once-off effect), the public expenditure/GDP ratio exceeds the level at which an increase in the ratio positively impacts growth. We then explore the past efforts of government to maintain or restore fiscal sustainability by estimating a fiscal reaction function using a Markov-switching model. Following the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the budget, we subsequently establish the deficit, expenditure and revenue adjustments that the government will have to make to restore fiscal sustainability. Finally, we consider the merits of introducing a debt ceiling.     

建立党组织能促进私营企业环保投入吗——基于模糊断点设计的实证分析

现代企业制度中嵌入党组织是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要一环,也是中国企业治理的重要特色。基于建立基层党组织的人数规则,本文使用模糊断点设计（FRDD）检验党组织与私营企业环保投入的因果联系：（1）修正内生性的基础上,发现建立党组织能显著提升企业的环保投入,OLS可能低估了党组织的作用;（2）"监督和引导"是党组织产生作用的重要机制,表现在约束私营企业遵守和执行政府环保政策和法规;（3）党组织促进环保投入的作用,会被私营企业主"党员身份"正向调节;（4）外部环保约束越强,党组织的促进作用越强。研究结论为完善私营企业的环保治理制度提供了有益的参考,有助于拓展认识"非公组织党建"的社会价值。     

我国经济欠发达地区中小学美术教育存在质量问题及对策研究

本文通过研究经济欠发达地区中小学美术教育质量面临的问题入手,以甘肃省农村学校为例,深入了解他们在教学中存在的问题,并给出切实有效的对策,全面推进素质教育,提高经济欠发达地区教学质量,推进民族文化的全面发展。     

基于职业生涯规划的基层医疗机构人力资源管理

基层医疗机构人才建设是新医改的重要内容,也是决定我国基层医疗卫生服务水平的关键。本文在对我国基层医疗机构人力资源现状统计分析的基础上,得出基层医疗机构资源配置相对缺乏,人力资源流失率高等问题。为从根本上留住优秀人才,本文尝试从职业生涯规划的角度,提出几点关于基层医疗机构人力资源管理的建议和措施。     

军队院校非现役公勤人员管理问题研究

本文分析了军队院校非现役公勤人员管理存在的主要问题,并对其存在问题的原因进行了剖析,最后提出了加强军队院校非现役公勤人员管理的具体措施。     

基层医院病案管理问题与思考

目的:查找医院病案管理中存在的问题,采取积极有效的措施,为提高基层医院病案管理质量提供依据。方法:对二级以上医院利用随访方式调查,随机到实地病案室查看。结果:病案室缺少管理人员,业务知识差,基础设施不齐,制度不健全等。结论:基层医院病案管理急需医院重视,应主动采取有效措施,促进基层医院病案管理事业的发展。     

Health IT adoption,productivity and quality in primary care

Within the last decade, there has been a growing push towards the use of electronic medical records and health information technology (IT) within primary care physician practices. Despite financial subsidies, smaller practices remain reluctant to adopt these information systems. Using a nationally representative survey of physicians, this study explores the relationship between physician, practice and area attributes and the adoption of health IT systems. Controlling for these attributes, the analysis subsequently studies the relationship between health IT, physician productivity and perceived quality of care. It finds that smaller practices and physicians with lower incomes are less likely to adopt health IT systems and that adoption varies with the type of medical conditions the practice typically treats. With regards to productivity, health IT adopters are more likely to see fewer patients and spend a larger amount of time on each visit with marginal increases in time on administrative tasks and no differences in perceived ability to deliver quality health care.     

Analyzing the global human appropriation of net primary production — processes, trajectories, implications. An introduction

Humanity's role in shaping patterns and processes in the terrestrial biosphere is large and growing. Most of the earth's fertile land is used more or less intensively by humans for resource extraction, production, transport, consumption and waste deposition or as living space. Biomass production on cropland, grazing areas and in managed forests dominates area requirements, but other processes such as soil degradation, human-induced fires and expansion of settlements and infrastructure play an increasingly important role as well. The growing human domination of terrestrial ecosystems contributes to biodiversity loss as well as to a reduced capability of ecosystems to deliver vital services such as buffering capacity, soil conservation or self-regulation. This special section is devoted to the presentation of recent research into the patterns, determinants and implications of the human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP), an integrated socio-ecological indicator of land use intensity. By measuring the combined effect of land conversion and biomass harvest on the availability of trophic energy (biomass) in ecosystems, HANPP explicitly links natural with socioeconomic processes and allows for integrated analyses of land systems. This introductory article explains the rationale that links current HANPP research to Ecological Economics and discusses issues of definition and methods shared by all articles included in the special section. Finally, it gives an overview of the individual papers, provides some general conclusions and presents an outlook for future research: a better understanding of long-term trajectories of HANPP, of the significance of trade patterns as well as of the future role of bioenergy are highlighted as important issues to be addressed in the coming years.     

Trajectories in human domination of ecosystems: Human appropriation of net primary production in the Philippines during the 20th century

The “human appropriation of net primary production” (HANPP) has been suggested as a comprehensive indicator to measure impacts of human land use on ecosystems. It accounts for (a) human-induced changes in biological productivity and (b) biomass harvest. This study presents an analysis of aboveground HANPP in the Philippines between 1910 and 2003, a period characterized by massive deforestation and increases in land use intensity and biomass extraction. Results show a steep increase of aboveground HANPP from just below 35% of potential productivity in 1910 to slightly above 60% in 1970 and constant values since then. Large-scale changes in land cover and agricultural practices were the main direct determinants of this trajectory in HANPP. Remarkably, HANPP grew at much slower pace than population did: While the amount of NPP appropriated by humans doubled throughout the period, population increased by a factor ten. Increasing efficiency in terms of biomass extraction per unit of area, relying on ever-increasing inputs, and changes in the nation's physical biomass trade balance were of major importance for this difference in growth rates. In the coming decades, the Philippines will have to face the challenge to meet increases in biomass demand without putting even higher strains on the ecosystems.     

初次分配中要素收入份额研究综述

20世纪80年代以来,国外关于要素收入份额演变的研究逐渐增多。改革开放以来,随着我国收入分配制度由按劳分配逐渐向按要素分配的变迁,初次分配中要素收入份额问题逐渐引起国内学术界的广泛关注。本文对国内外初次分配中要素收入份额的相关文献作了比较全面的梳理并给予简要评论。